1-2 Building MATLAB Web Server Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Product … compiling MATLAB programs that contain graphics and graphical user interfaces (GUIs …
This book describes the MATLAB® Web Server. The MATLAB Web Server lets you deploy MATLAB based applications over a network using standard Web technology. Organization of the Document Chapter Description
Chapter 1, “MATLAB on the Web” provides basic information about how to develop MATLAB applications in a Web environment. Discusses how to install the MATLAB Web Server. Also describes how to obtain and install two related products: Virtual Network Computing (VNC) and Perl.
Chapter 2, “Getting Started” illustrates the creation of MATLAB Web applications with several demonstration programs, and provides templates to simplify the creation of user applications.
Chapter 3, “Inside the MATLAB Web Server” discusses the various components of the MATLAB Web Server and provides needed configuration information.
Chapter 4, “Reference” describes the functions used to create and manipulate MATLAB Web Server applications.
Appendix A, “Directory Structure” shows locations of installed files.
Appendix B, “Troubleshooting Web Server” discusses solving problems and responding to error messages. Appendix C, “Selected Bibliography” gives related documents available in print and on the Web…
MATLAB Web Server Environment The MATLAB® Web Server enables you to create MATLAB applications that use the capabilities of the World Wide Web to send data to MATLAB for computation and to display the results in a Web browser. The MATLAB Web Server depends upon TCP/IP networking for transmission of data between the client system and MATLAB. The required networking software and hardware must be installed on your system prior to using the MATLAB Web Server. In the simplest configuration, a Web browser runs on your client workstation, while MATLAB, the MATLAB Web Server ( matlabserver ), and the Web server daemon ( httpd ) run on another machine…
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MATLAB Compiler Users Guide
C/C++Compiler Suite 2.1 for converting MATLAB® applications that contain math, GUIs, and graphics into freely distributable stand-alone C and C++ code…
MAT LAB Compiler The MATLAB Compiler component serves two primary user groups: Developers looking to deploy MATLAB applications to stand-alone C/C++ applications and users who want to improve code performance by compiling their MATLAB algorithms and converting them to C. The MATLAB Compiler automatically converts M-files into C and C++ source code, eliminating time-consuming and error-prone manual translation and reducing development time for applications that run outside the MATLAB environment. Running inside or outside the MATLAB environment, the MATLAB Compiler can automatically translate M-file functions into: • C/C++ source code or stand-alone external applications that run independently of MATLAB (requires the C/C++ Math and Graphics Library components) • C code S-functions for use in Simulink® models • C versions of MATLAB M-code programs that are linked in at runtime (MEX-files)…
This book describes version 2.1 of the MATLAB® Compiler. The MATLAB Compiler takes M-files as input and generates C or C++ source code or P-code as output. The MATLAB Compiler can generate these kinds of source code: •C source code for building MEX-files. •C or C++ source code for combining with other modules to form stand-alone applications. Stand-alone applications do not require MATLAB at run time; they can run even if MATLAB is not installed on the system. The MATLAB Compiler does require the MATLAB C/C++ Math Library to create stand-alone applications that rely on the core math and data analysis capabilities of MATLAB. The MATLAB Compiler also requires the MATLAB C/C++ Graphics Library in order to create stand-alone applications that make use of Handle Graphics® functions. •C code S-functions for use with Simulink® . •C shared libraries (dynamically linked libraries, or DLLs, on Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/NT) and C++ static libraries. These can be used without MATLAB on the system, but they do require the MATLAB C/C++ Math Library. This chapter takes a closer look at these categories of C and C++ source code and explains the value of compiled code. Before You Begin Before reading this book, you should already be comfortable writing M-files . If you are not, see “Programming and Data Types” in the MATLAB documentation. Note The phrase MATLAB interpreter refers to the application that accepts MATLAB commands, executes M-files and MEX-files, and behaves as described in Using MATLAB . When you use MATLAB, you are using the MATLAB interpreter. The phrase MATLAB Compiler refers to this product that translates M-files to C or C++ source code. This book distinguishes references to the MATLAB Compiler by using the word ‘Compiler’ with a capital C. References to “compiler” with a lowercase c refer to your C or C++ compiler.
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MAT LAB Compiler The MATLAB Compiler component serves two primary user groups: Developers looking to deploy MATLAB applications to stand-alone C/C++ applications and users who want to improve code performance by compiling their MATLAB algorithms and converting them to C. The MATLAB Compiler automatically converts M-files into C and C++ source code, eliminating time-consuming and error-prone manual translation and reducing development time for applications that run outside the MATLAB environment. Running inside or outside the MATLAB environment, the MATLAB Compiler can automatically translate M-file functions into: • C/C++ source code or stand-alone external applications that run independently of MATLAB (requires the C/C++ Math and Graphics Library components) • C code S-functions for use in Simulink® models • C versions of MATLAB M-code programs that are linked in at runtime (MEX-files)…
This book describes version 2.1 of the MATLAB® Compiler. The MATLAB Compiler takes M-files as input and generates C or C++ source code or P-code as output. The MATLAB Compiler can generate these kinds of source code: •C source code for building MEX-files. •C or C++ source code for combining with other modules to form stand-alone applications. Stand-alone applications do not require MATLAB at run time; they can run even if MATLAB is not installed on the system. The MATLAB Compiler does require the MATLAB C/C++ Math Library to create stand-alone applications that rely on the core math and data analysis capabilities of MATLAB. The MATLAB Compiler also requires the MATLAB C/C++ Graphics Library in order to create stand-alone applications that make use of Handle Graphics® functions. •C code S-functions for use with Simulink® . •C shared libraries (dynamically linked libraries, or DLLs, on Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/NT) and C++ static libraries. These can be used without MATLAB on the system, but they do require the MATLAB C/C++ Math Library. This chapter takes a closer look at these categories of C and C++ source code and explains the value of compiled code. Before You Begin Before reading this book, you should already be comfortable writing M-files . If you are not, see “Programming and Data Types” in the MATLAB documentation. Note The phrase MATLAB interpreter refers to the application that accepts MATLAB commands, executes M-files and MEX-files, and behaves as described in Using MATLAB . When you use MATLAB, you are using the MATLAB interpreter. The phrase MATLAB Compiler refers to this product that translates M-files to C or C++ source code. This book distinguishes references to the MATLAB Compiler by using the word ‘Compiler’ with a capital C. References to “compiler” with a lowercase c refer to your C or C++ compiler.
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Building GUIs with MATLAB Version 5
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Matlab Advanced Programming
Functions and scripts can be accessed automatically from path•Vector/Matrix operations in many dimensions built in•Polymorphic with respect to matrix dimensions Advantages of Scripts•Easy to write•Easy to patch together and nest•Can be cut and paste directly into Matlab command line•Can use any variables already in the workspace…
Matlabas a programming Language -Weaknesses •Expensive! •Debugging complex code can be tricky •Not object-oriented •Behavior of built in functions must be learned. •No type declarations needed (example) •Namespace collisions (example) …
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related topics
MATLAB Web Server
MATLAB Compiler Users Guide
Building GUIs with MATLAB Version 5
MATLAB Programming Style Guidelines
MATLAB TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS
Introduction to MatLab: Circuit Analysis
Matlabas a programming Language -Weaknesses •Expensive! •Debugging complex code can be tricky •Not object-oriented •Behavior of built in functions must be learned. •No type declarations needed (example) •Namespace collisions (example) …
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related topics
MATLAB Web Server
MATLAB Compiler Users Guide
Building GUIs with MATLAB Version 5
MATLAB Programming Style Guidelines
MATLAB TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS
Introduction to MatLab: Circuit Analysis
MATLAB Programming Style Guidelines
Advice on writing MATLAB code usually addresses efficiency concerns, with recommendations such as “Don’t use loops.” This document is different. Its concerns are correctness, clarity and generality. The goal of these guidelines is to help produce code that is more likely to be correct, understandable, sharable and maintainable. As Brian Kernighan writes, “Well-written programs are better than badly-written ones - - they have fewer errors and are easier to debug and to modify — so it is important to think about style from the beginning.” This document lists MATLAB coding recommendations consistent with best practices in the software development community. These guidelines are generally the same as those for C, C++ and Java, with modifications for Matlab features and history. The recommendations are based on guidelines for other languages collected from a number of sources and on personal experience. These guidelines are written with MATLAB in mind, and they should also be useful for related languages such as Octave, Scilab and O-Matrix. Guidelines are not commandments. Their goal is simply to help programmers write well. Many organizations will have reasons to deviate from them. “You got to know the rules before you can break ‘em. Otherwise it’s no fun.” Sonny Crockett in Miami Vice MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. In this document the acronym TMW refers to The MathWorks, Inc…
Functions should have meaningful names. There is an unfortunate MATLAB tradition of using short and often somewhat cryptic function names—probably due to the DOS 8 character limit. This concern is no longer relevant and the tradition should usually be avoided to improve readability. Use computetotalwidth() Avoidcompwid() An exception is the use of abbreviations or acronyms widely used in mathematics. max(.), gcd(.) Functions with such short names should always have the complete words in the first header comment line for clarity and to support lookfor searches…
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Functions should have meaningful names. There is an unfortunate MATLAB tradition of using short and often somewhat cryptic function names—probably due to the DOS 8 character limit. This concern is no longer relevant and the tradition should usually be avoided to improve readability. Use computetotalwidth() Avoidcompwid() An exception is the use of abbreviations or acronyms widely used in mathematics. max(.), gcd(.) Functions with such short names should always have the complete words in the first header comment line for clarity and to support lookfor searches…
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MATLAB TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS
The purpose of this workshop is to get you started and to have fun with MATLAB! Let’s talk a little and decide on what we will be covering today. • WHY MATLAB? • WHAT MATLAB IS NOT. • SETTING THE TOOL: • MATRIX OPERATIONS: • XY PLOTS IN MATLAB • IMPORTING DATA: • SIMULINK: The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers MATLAB TUTORIAL, March 26, 2004 J Gadewadikar, Automation and Robotics Research Institute University of Texas at Arlington - 3 - • WHY MATLAB? • MATLAB is relatively easy to learn • MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations • MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language • MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix. • WHAT MATLAB IS NOT. Limitations of MATLAB • MATLAB is NOT a general purpose programming language. • MATLAB is an interpreted language (making it for the most part slower than a compiled language such as C++) • MATLAB is designed for scientific computation and is not suitable for some things (such as parsing text)…..
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Introduction to MatLab: Circuit Analysis
ntroduction MatLab can be a useful tool in many applications. We will learn how to analyze a simple electrical circuit, set the problem up as N equations in N unknowns, and transform the equations into a matrix formulation that MatLab can solve. Introduction to MatLab: Circuit Analysis 3 Topics Topics Electrical Devices. Electrical Devices. Kirchhoff’s Laws. Kirchhoff’s Laws. Analyzing a Resistor Network. Analyzing a Resistor Network. Inverting Matrices. Inverting Matrices. A MatLab Solution. A MatLab Solution… Voltage and Current Voltage -the force that pushes electrical Voltage -the force that pushes electrical current around a circuit. (Sometimes current around a circuit. (Sometimes called “potential” as in potential energy.) called “potential” as in potential energy.) Current -the flow of electrical charge Current -the flow of electrical charge through a conductor. (Electrons flow through a conductor. (Electrons flow backwards) backwards) Conductor -the “pipe” through which an Conductor -the “pipe” through which an electrical current flows. electrical current flows….
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MT-051 TUTORIAL Current Feedback Op Amp Noise Considerations
The inverting and non-inverting current noise of a CFB op amp is … and feedback resistors in high speed op amp circuits may … Op Amps if there is Minimal Peaking The above analysis … Rev.0, 10/08, WK Page 1 of 2 MT-051 TUTORIAL Current Feedback Op Amp Noise Considerations In most applications of high speed op amps, it is the total output rms noise that is generally of interest. Because of the high bandwidths involved, the chief contributor to the output rms noise is therefore the white noise, and the 1/f noise is negligible.
In most applications of high speed op amps, it is the total output rms noise that is generally of interest. Because of the high bandwidths involved, the chief contributor to the output rms noise is therefore the white noise, and the 1/f noise is negligible. Typical high speed op amps have bandwidths greater than 150 MHz or so, and bipolar voltage feedback (VFB) input stages have input voltage noises ranging from about 1 to 20 nV/?Hz. For a VFB op amp, the inverting and non-inverting input current noise are typically equal, and almost always uncorrelated. Typical values for wideband VFB op amps range from 0.5 to 5 pA/?Hz. The input current noise of a bipolar input stage is increased when input bias-current compensation generators are added, because their current noise is not correlated, and therefore adds (in a root-sum-square manner) to the intrinsic current noise of the bipolar stage. However, bias current compensation is rarely used in high speed op amps. The input voltage noise in current feedback (CFB) op amps tends to be lower than for VFB op amps having the same approximate bandwidth. This is because the input stage in a CFB op amp is usually operated at a higher current, thereby reducing the emitter resistance and hence the voltage noise. Typical values for CFB op amps range from about 1 to 5 nV/?Hz. The input current noise of CFB op amps tends to be larger than for VFB op amps because of the generally higher bias current levels. The inverting and non-inverting current noise of a CFB op amp is usually different because of the unique input architecture, and are specified separately. In most cases, the inverting input current noise is the larger of the two. Typical input current noise for CFB op amps ranges from 5 to 40 pA/?Hz. This can often be dominant, except in cases of very high gain, when R1 is small. The noise sources which dominate the output noise are highly dependent on the closed-loop gain of the op amp and the values of the feedback and feed forward resistors…
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In most applications of high speed op amps, it is the total output rms noise that is generally of interest. Because of the high bandwidths involved, the chief contributor to the output rms noise is therefore the white noise, and the 1/f noise is negligible. Typical high speed op amps have bandwidths greater than 150 MHz or so, and bipolar voltage feedback (VFB) input stages have input voltage noises ranging from about 1 to 20 nV/?Hz. For a VFB op amp, the inverting and non-inverting input current noise are typically equal, and almost always uncorrelated. Typical values for wideband VFB op amps range from 0.5 to 5 pA/?Hz. The input current noise of a bipolar input stage is increased when input bias-current compensation generators are added, because their current noise is not correlated, and therefore adds (in a root-sum-square manner) to the intrinsic current noise of the bipolar stage. However, bias current compensation is rarely used in high speed op amps. The input voltage noise in current feedback (CFB) op amps tends to be lower than for VFB op amps having the same approximate bandwidth. This is because the input stage in a CFB op amp is usually operated at a higher current, thereby reducing the emitter resistance and hence the voltage noise. Typical values for CFB op amps range from about 1 to 5 nV/?Hz. The input current noise of CFB op amps tends to be larger than for VFB op amps because of the generally higher bias current levels. The inverting and non-inverting current noise of a CFB op amp is usually different because of the unique input architecture, and are specified separately. In most cases, the inverting input current noise is the larger of the two. Typical input current noise for CFB op amps ranges from 5 to 40 pA/?Hz. This can often be dominant, except in cases of very high gain, when R1 is small. The noise sources which dominate the output noise are highly dependent on the closed-loop gain of the op amp and the values of the feedback and feed forward resistors…
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PLC Programming Rules #1
PLC Programming 42.4 PLC Design Tips #1 & 2 PLC Design Tips #1 & 2 ? Dedicate control relays for specific functions (such as starting the system, activating a solenoid, etc.) ? Control … PLC Programming 42.1 PLC Programming Rules #1-3-3 1)Ladder diagrams are drawn vertically with inputs on the left and outputs on the right. 2)Each rung of the ladder has _____ output. 3)An individual output device can appear on the ladder diagram only _____. PLC Programming Rules #4-5-5 4) An individual physical input …
PLC Programming Rules #1 -3 -3
1)Ladder diagrams are drawn vertically with inputs on the left and outputs on the right.
2)Each rung of the ladder has ____________ _______________ output.
3)An individual output device can appear on the ladder diagram only _____________. PLC Programming Rules #4 -5 -5 4) An individual physical input device (limit
4) An individual physical input device (limit switch, push -button, pressure switch, etc.) -button, pressure switch, etc.) may be used _______________________ may be used _______________________ _________________ on the ladder diagram _________________ on the ladder diagram in both N.O. and N.C. configurations. in both N.O. and N.C. configurations.
5) Internal contacts of the PLC are 5) Internal contacts of the PLC are represented as conventional control relays represented as conventional control relays and contacts. and contacts. PLC Programming Rules #6 -8 -8
6) Control relay coils (outputs) appear on the ladder diagram __________________.
7) Control relay contacts are inputs and may be used as many times as necessary on the ladder diagram in both N.O. and N.C.configurations.
8 ) Any rung of the ladder diagram may be “OR”edwith a following rung at ________ ___________________________…..
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PLC Programming Rules #1 -3 -3
1)Ladder diagrams are drawn vertically with inputs on the left and outputs on the right.
2)Each rung of the ladder has ____________ _______________ output.
3)An individual output device can appear on the ladder diagram only _____________. PLC Programming Rules #4 -5 -5 4) An individual physical input device (limit
4) An individual physical input device (limit switch, push -button, pressure switch, etc.) -button, pressure switch, etc.) may be used _______________________ may be used _______________________ _________________ on the ladder diagram _________________ on the ladder diagram in both N.O. and N.C. configurations. in both N.O. and N.C. configurations.
5) Internal contacts of the PLC are 5) Internal contacts of the PLC are represented as conventional control relays represented as conventional control relays and contacts. and contacts. PLC Programming Rules #6 -8 -8
6) Control relay coils (outputs) appear on the ladder diagram __________________.
7) Control relay contacts are inputs and may be used as many times as necessary on the ladder diagram in both N.O. and N.C.configurations.
8 ) Any rung of the ladder diagram may be “OR”edwith a following rung at ________ ___________________________…..
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Compose PLC Lighting Control Design Guide
Dimmers Convertible Dimming Compose™ PLC Convertible Dimmer (CC)? Simplify your design and installation. These feature-packed dimmers offer maximum design flexibility by converting to Preset (CP) mode or Individual (CI) mode operation after installation. Additionally, all Compose™PLC Convertible dimmers are compatible with all Compose™ PLC products. • No upfront layout/planning making your job quick and easy • Maximum design and control flexibility • LED night light can be dimmed or turned off • Dimmers can have any fade rate in any scene = from instant up to one hour • Neutral connection required Room Keypads Preset Lighting Scene Control Compose™PLCPreset (CP Mode) Perfect for areas of your home where you have 2 or more lighting switches. Compose™ PLC Preset devices allow you to control preset scenes that can improve the appearanceof your home. Now you can create dramatic lighting effects from the push of a single button. • Up to 13 preset lighting scenes • Fade rates from 1 second to 1 hour • Illuminated keypad buttons • Built-in IR receiver on keypad • Fits standard decorator style faceplates • Portable lamp modules • Neutral connection required ComposeTMPLC System Components PLC Firewall TM Tying it all together Compose™PLC Firewall™ (CPLCFW8) Every Compose™PLC system requires the use of a PLC Firewall™. The Compose™ PLC Firewall™links all of the devices in the system and ensures reliable, predictable, performance. The PLC Firewall™ also allows you to expand your lighting control system anytime you like. • Required with every Compose™PLC system • Built-in computer interface (requires CPLCOMM option) • Optional time clock (requires CPLCOMM option) • Optional relay card (CPLCRLY)…
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Introduction to PLC controllers
1.3 Systematic approach in designing an process control system, First, you need to select an instrument or a system that you wish to control. Automated system can be a machine or a process and can also be called an process control system. Function of an process control system is constantly watched by input devices (sensors) that give signals to a PLC controller. In response to this, PLC controller sends a signal to external output devices (operative instruments) that actually control how system functions in an assigned manner (for simplification it is recommended that you draw a block diagram of operations’ flow).
Secondly, you need to specify all input and output instruments that will be connected to a PLC controller. Input devices are various switches, sensors and such. Output devices can be solenoids, electromagnetic valves, motors, relays, magnetic starters as well as instruments for sound and light signalization.
Following an identification of all input and output instruments, corresponding designations are assigned to input and output lines of a PLC controller. Allotment of these designations is in fact an allocation of inputs and outputs on a PLC controller which correspond to inputs and outputs of a system being designed.
Third, make a ladder diagram for a program by following the sequence of operations that was determined in the first step. Finally, program is entered into the PLC controller memory. When finished with programming, checkup is done for any existing errors in a program code (using functions for diagnostics) and, if possible, an entire operation is simulated. Before this system is started, you need to check once again whether all input and output instruments are connected to correct inputs or outputs. By bringing supply in, system starts working.
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Programmable Logic Control Applications
A range of applications designed to teach students how to understand the programming and operation of Programmable Logic Control. Many manufacturing and process industries are now using PLCs to manage their assembly lines and process applications to achieve higher productivity and reliability. There is therefore a growing need for engineers and technicians who understand the complexities of PLC and who can program and maintain these systems… Features !Industrially relevant PLC applications ! Fully documented and supported teaching materials (for Mitsubishi and Allen Bradley PLCs) ! Simple parts assembly applications ! PLC control for advanced process systems with Analogue and Digital control scenarios A range of applications that can be interfaced to most modern PLCs…
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Programmable Logic Controllers Basic Level
The programmable logic controller represents a key factor in industrial automation. Its use permits flexible adaptation to varying processes as well as rapid fault finding and error elimination. This textbook explains the design of a programmable logic controller and its interaction with peripherals. One of the main focal points of the textbook deals with the new international standard for PLC programming, the EN 61131-3 (IEC-61131-3). This standard takes into account expansions and developments, for which no standardised language elements existed hitherto. The aim of this new standard is to standardise the design, functionality and the programming of a PLC in such a way as to enable the user to easily operate with different systems. In the interest of continual further improvement, all readers of this book are invited to make contributions by way suggestions, ideas and constructive criticism….
The PLC in automation technology 1.1 Introduction The first Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was developed by a group of engineers at General Motors in 1968, when the company were looking for an alternative to replace complex relay control systems. The new control system had to meet the following requirements: * Simple programming * Program changes without system intervention (no internal rewiring) * Smaller, cheaper and more reliable than corresponding relay control systems * Simple, low cost maintenance Subsequent development resulted in a system, which enabled the simple connection of binary signals. The requirements as to how these signals were to be connected were specified in the control program. With the new systems it became possible for the first time to plot signals on a screen and to file these in electronic memories. Since then, three decades have passed, during which the enormous progress made in the development of microelectronics did not stop short of programmable logic controllers….
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A GUIDE TO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
PV Installation Guide June 2001 Page 1 A GUIDE TO PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION Prepared for: California Energy Commission Energy Technology Development Division …
1.1. Basic Principles to Follow When Designing a Quality PV System
1. Select a packaged system that meets the owner’s needs. Customer criteria for a system may include reduction in monthly electricity bill, environmental benefits, desire for backup power, initial budget constraints, etc. Size and orient the PV array to provide the expected electrical power and energy.
2. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size. 3. Specify sunlight and weather resistant materials for all outdoor equipment. 4. Locate the array to minimize shading from foliage, vent pipes, and adjacent structures. 5. Design the system in compliance with all applicable building and electrical codes. 6. Design the system with a minimum of electrical losses due to wiring, fuses, switches, and inverters. 7. Properly house and manage the battery system, should batteries be required. 8. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements. 1.2. Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System 1. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size. 2. If roof mounted, verify that the roof is capable of handling additional weight of PV system. Augment roof structure as necessary.
3. Properly seal any roof penetrations with roofing industry approved sealing methods.
4. Install equipment according to manufacturers specifications, using installation requirements and procedures from the manufacturers’ specifications.
5. Properly ground the system parts to reduce the threat of shock hazards and induced surges.
6. Check for proper PV system operation by following the checkout procedures on the PV System Installation Checklist.
7. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements
8. Have final inspections completed by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) and the utility (if required).
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1.1. Basic Principles to Follow When Designing a Quality PV System
1. Select a packaged system that meets the owner’s needs. Customer criteria for a system may include reduction in monthly electricity bill, environmental benefits, desire for backup power, initial budget constraints, etc. Size and orient the PV array to provide the expected electrical power and energy.
2. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size. 3. Specify sunlight and weather resistant materials for all outdoor equipment. 4. Locate the array to minimize shading from foliage, vent pipes, and adjacent structures. 5. Design the system in compliance with all applicable building and electrical codes. 6. Design the system with a minimum of electrical losses due to wiring, fuses, switches, and inverters. 7. Properly house and manage the battery system, should batteries be required. 8. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements. 1.2. Basic Steps to Follow When Installing a PV System 1. Ensure the roof area or other installation site is capable of handling the desired system size. 2. If roof mounted, verify that the roof is capable of handling additional weight of PV system. Augment roof structure as necessary.
3. Properly seal any roof penetrations with roofing industry approved sealing methods.
4. Install equipment according to manufacturers specifications, using installation requirements and procedures from the manufacturers’ specifications.
5. Properly ground the system parts to reduce the threat of shock hazards and induced surges.
6. Check for proper PV system operation by following the checkout procedures on the PV System Installation Checklist.
7. Ensure the design meets local utility interconnection requirements
8. Have final inspections completed by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) and the utility (if required).
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Electricity from Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Abstract The Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project … the following goals: develop low-cost solar cell and module processes, design … Solar Panel Configuration … Photovoltaic Module Progress 75_% MIDULE PRICE 5 1975 198( Flat or non-concentrating module prices have dropped as module efficiencies have increased Prices are in 1985 dollars for large quantities of commercial products. 10 Z u.I IT 5 u_ t.lA U)[12< 10- MODULE LIFE 1 975 1986 Typical module lifetimes were less than 1 year but are now ...
The performance of individual solar cells was not consistent. Fabricated in batches, even the performances of those cells for use in space varied significantly. The best of these small rectangular”space cells”were assembled on panels, as closely packed as possible, to produce the maximum power per unit area. The lower performance cells were not used in spacecraft power systems because of high-performance requirements. Instead, these reject space cells were used for terrestrial applications. By that time, solar cells made specifically for terrestrial use had become competitive with reject space cells. These circular cells were made from one completeCzochralski (Cz) wafer. The cell processing was similar, but simpler and less expensive. For example, semiconductor industry-reject wafers were used. The result was that terrestrial solar-cell performance was less than space-cell performance. The challenge in 1975wastoreduce the cost of terrestrial solar cells, but still retain good quality and performance. The terrestrial solar cell evolved from the activities of the Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, and differs appreciably (from alow-cost processing viewpoint) from the space solar cell. The activities of solar cell processing and module assembly, as described in this document, are separated into four technology sections: surface preparation, junction formation, metallization, and module assembly….
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The performance of individual solar cells was not consistent. Fabricated in batches, even the performances of those cells for use in space varied significantly. The best of these small rectangular”space cells”were assembled on panels, as closely packed as possible, to produce the maximum power per unit area. The lower performance cells were not used in spacecraft power systems because of high-performance requirements. Instead, these reject space cells were used for terrestrial applications. By that time, solar cells made specifically for terrestrial use had become competitive with reject space cells. These circular cells were made from one completeCzochralski (Cz) wafer. The cell processing was similar, but simpler and less expensive. For example, semiconductor industry-reject wafers were used. The result was that terrestrial solar-cell performance was less than space-cell performance. The challenge in 1975wastoreduce the cost of terrestrial solar cells, but still retain good quality and performance. The terrestrial solar cell evolved from the activities of the Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, and differs appreciably (from alow-cost processing viewpoint) from the space solar cell. The activities of solar cell processing and module assembly, as described in this document, are separated into four technology sections: surface preparation, junction formation, metallization, and module assembly….
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SOLAR PANEL & SOLAR CELL ASSEMBLY
Specifications •SSTL can design, procure, manufacture and test solar panels to the customer’s specification. •Also SSTL offers electrical procurement and laydown on customer supplied panels (flying electrical leads on the rear or customer furnished) •SSTL can design, procure and manufacture aluminium or carbon fibre solar panels for body mounted satellites •Single junction cells GaAs/Ge ( 19.6% eff @ 25°C AM0 ) •Triple junction cells GaAs/Ge ( 28.5% eff @ 25°C AM0 ) •Aluminium honeycomb sandwiched between carbon fibre or aluminium faceskin (front and rear) •Max dimensions of panels: 1.2m x 2.0m •Cell size from 20mm x 40mm to 40mm x 80mm using European or USA cells….
Space Solar Cell Assembly SSTL has the capability to interconnect and glass bare solar cells in preparation for lay down of the solar panel. SSTL uses an ultrasonic welding technique for the connection of silver or gold coated inter-connector to the front busbar of the cell. Ultrasonic welding of interconnect to bare cell The cells are then glassed using space qualified glass, followed by retesting and grouping in the appropriate current class. Research and Development As part of our on-going R & D we are developing the capability to laydown on large area advanced lightweight CFRP panels of up to 2m dimension using large area high efficiency triple junction gallium arsenide solar cells with a conversion efficiency of up to 29%. We are also in close contact with the developments of the European and USA cell manufacturers for the early use of their four and five junction high efficiency cells (>33%) on our panels as they reach qualification status….
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STUDY GUIDE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM INSTALLERS
A Guide to Photovoltaic System Design and Installation , by Bill Brooks. California Energy Commission Consultant Report 500-01-020, June 2001: http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001 … Study Guide for Photovoltaic System Installers Version 4.2 - April 2009 iv Disclaimer Information presented in this publication is intended to inform candidates as they prepare to apply for and complete the process for the NABCEP Certified Solar Photovoltaic Installer™ Certification Program. While making every effort to provide current and …
This Study Guide presents some of the basic cognitive material that individuals who install and maintain photovoltaic (PV) power systems should know and understand. This information is intended primarily as a Study Guide to help individuals better prepare for the NABCEP PV installer examination but does not provide all of the materials or information needed for completing the certification examination. Knowledge of the information presented, including pertinent sections of the National Electrical Code and appropriate experience and qualifications are generally required of those applying for and completing the NABCEP certification process. This Guide is based on a task analysis for the PV system installer, which includes the following eight major job/task areas: 1. Working Safely with Photovoltaic Systems 15% 2. Conducting a Site Assessment 5% 3. Selecting a System Design 5% 4. Adapting the Mechanical Design 15% 5. Adapting the Electrical Design 20% 6. Installing Subsystems and Components at the Site 20% 7. Performing a System Checkout and Inspection 10% 8. Maintaining and Troubleshooting a System 10% The percentage following each task area represents the approximate emphasis that each topic is given in this Guide, and is the associated percentage of each topic on the NABCEP PV installer certification exam. This Guide is organized in the following manner: • Reference Resources and Additional Reading • Study Guide • Study Questions • Answer Key The Guide is intended to provide an overview of each of the major content areas of the above task analysis. A set of practice questions that relate to each of the major content areas is then provided. The questions are organized according to each content area. The answers to the study questions, along with related explanations, are given at the end of this Guide. The study questions span fundamental trade knowledge, codes and standards, and accepted industry practice in the relevant design, installation, and maintenance of PV systems. Many questions are based on system installation scenarios, requiring the use of schematics, diagrams, and equipment specifications. Guidelines for determining solutions to the questions may be found in the text of this Guide, or from the references listed below. In addition to the specific content areas listed above, knowledge and skills in the following areas are also required: • Reading and interpreting plans and specifications • Reading and interpreting codes and standards • Using basic mathematics and some trigonometry (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculations of area and volume, fractions, decimals, percentages, calculating the sides of triangles, square roots, powers of numbers, and solving simple algebraic equations for unknown variables)..
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This Study Guide presents some of the basic cognitive material that individuals who install and maintain photovoltaic (PV) power systems should know and understand. This information is intended primarily as a Study Guide to help individuals better prepare for the NABCEP PV installer examination but does not provide all of the materials or information needed for completing the certification examination. Knowledge of the information presented, including pertinent sections of the National Electrical Code and appropriate experience and qualifications are generally required of those applying for and completing the NABCEP certification process. This Guide is based on a task analysis for the PV system installer, which includes the following eight major job/task areas: 1. Working Safely with Photovoltaic Systems 15% 2. Conducting a Site Assessment 5% 3. Selecting a System Design 5% 4. Adapting the Mechanical Design 15% 5. Adapting the Electrical Design 20% 6. Installing Subsystems and Components at the Site 20% 7. Performing a System Checkout and Inspection 10% 8. Maintaining and Troubleshooting a System 10% The percentage following each task area represents the approximate emphasis that each topic is given in this Guide, and is the associated percentage of each topic on the NABCEP PV installer certification exam. This Guide is organized in the following manner: • Reference Resources and Additional Reading • Study Guide • Study Questions • Answer Key The Guide is intended to provide an overview of each of the major content areas of the above task analysis. A set of practice questions that relate to each of the major content areas is then provided. The questions are organized according to each content area. The answers to the study questions, along with related explanations, are given at the end of this Guide. The study questions span fundamental trade knowledge, codes and standards, and accepted industry practice in the relevant design, installation, and maintenance of PV systems. Many questions are based on system installation scenarios, requiring the use of schematics, diagrams, and equipment specifications. Guidelines for determining solutions to the questions may be found in the text of this Guide, or from the references listed below. In addition to the specific content areas listed above, knowledge and skills in the following areas are also required: • Reading and interpreting plans and specifications • Reading and interpreting codes and standards • Using basic mathematics and some trigonometry (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculations of area and volume, fractions, decimals, percentages, calculating the sides of triangles, square roots, powers of numbers, and solving simple algebraic equations for unknown variables)..
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Micro-Solar Power Systems Design and Analysis
Micro-Solar Power Systems Design and Analysis~Design and Analysis Micro-Solar Power system for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Sensor Networks are fundamentally limited by their energy storage resources and the power they obtain from their environment. Several micro-solar powered designs have been developed to address this important problem but little analysis is available on key design trade-offs. In recent years, energy harvesting, especially, solar energy harvesting has become increasingly important as a way to improve lifetime and maintenance cost of WSN. Compared to well-addressed macro-solar power systems, the solar energy harvesting for micro-solar power systems is more constrained in energy budget and use of energy, and is under active research. Our contributions in this paper are three-fold: First, we propose a model for micro-solar power systems and develop a taxonomy of the micro-solar design space identifying key components, design choices, interactions, difficulties and trade offs. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents our model for the micro-solar power system; Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 show how each of the four components of a micro-solar power system can be modeled identifying various design choices. System Architecture. In general, any solar-powered system consists of the following components: the external environment, the solar collector, energy storage and the load (Figure 1). The solar energy from the environment is collected by the solar collector and is made available for the operation of the load. The four components of a solar-powered sensor node interact with each other. The design decision for each component will dictate the energy flows between them and the overall behavior of the system. For the rest of this paper we will evaluate the performance of a micro-solar power system in terms of the energy flow of each component. Solar Collector : In a micro-solar power system, the solar energy from the environment is converted to electric energy by the solar collector. The solar collector includes two main components: the solar cell, which converts the photon into electricity; and the regulator, which conditions the output power of the solar cell for energy transfer to the storage. The amount of solar energy out of the solar collector E sol is determined by the following factors: (1) solar radiation, (2) solar-cell characteristics, (3) the operating point of solar-cell. Item (1) was discussed in Section 4. In this section, we discuss (2) and (3).
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The Solar-Power Alternative in Broadband Wireless Networks
A Primer on the Uses and Benefits of Solar Power in Outdoor Broadband Wireless Networks The Solar-Power Alternative in Broadband Wireless Networks A Primer on the Uses and Benefits of Solar Power in Outdoor Broadband Wireless Networks© 2007 Proxim Wireless Corporation. All rights reserved. www.proxim.com The Solar-Power Alternative in Broadband Wireless Networks White Paper Why Solar Power? There are many reasons why solar
The Solar-Power Alternative in Broadband Wireless Networks White Paper Why Solar Power? There are many reasons why solar power is a good alternative to traditional power sources, for wireless networks: É When deploying a wireless network, power isn’t always where you need it and it is cheaper to install solar than it is to run a traditional power line É Solar power is always on in times of emergency when traditional power may have gone down É Solar pays for itself over time É Solar is an alternative to fossil fuels which uses a renewable source in sunlight For Solar energy it is power, for wireless it is data. It’s no small coincidence that wireless systems need power , and the solar systems can provide it creating completely autonomous installations. In the world of technology one thing sits above all else: power. Electricity is needed to run everything fro your toaster to your PDA. With this pervasive need throughout our society access to electrical power is one of the most important utilities out there. Many methods of energy production exist including alternative energy sources. Dictionary.com defines alternative energy as “energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, and natural gas.” In this document we will be focusing on solar energy and how it pertains to Outdoor Wireless Broadband, as well as how Proxim’s line of products is a good choice for pairing with solar power systems. Solar and wireless walk hand in hand as if they were made for each other because they both do something very important. They bring something to a location that normally would not be possible without a wire. For Solar energy it is power, for wireless it is data. It’s no small coincidence that wireless systems need power, and the solar systems can provide it creating completely autonomous installations. A Primer on the Uses of and Benefits of Solar Power in Outdoor Broadband Wireless Networks Why Solar Power? There are many reasons why solar power is a good alternative to traditional power sources, for wireless networks: É When deploying a wireless network, power isn’t always where you need it and it is cheaper to install solar than it is to run a traditional power line É Solar power is always on in times of emergency when traditional power may have gone down É Solar pays for itself over time É Solar is an alternative to fossil fuels which uses a renewable source in sunlight In the world of technology one thing sits above all else: power. Electricity is…
Green & Solar Home Tour selects Newberg home
Green & Solar Home Tour selects Newberg homes Tour showcases real-life “green” design solutions NEWBERG, Ore. — June 23, 2006 — Newberg area homeowners will be .. … to see two growing trends — green building, wind energy and solar energy — in action. A home tour featuring green building strategies and solar and wind energy systems will be held in Newberg this fall. The homes are filled with real life examples of how to transform an ordinary home into a “green” home. The Newberg Green & Solar Home Tour …
Newberg area homeowners will be able to see two growing trends — green building, wind energy and solar energy — in action. A home tour featuring green building strategies and solar and wind energy systems will be held in Newberg this fall. The homes are filled with real life examples of how to transform an ordinary home into a “green” home. The Newberg Green & Solar Home Tour will take place on Saturday and Sunday, October 7-8, 2006. Local sponsor for the tour is Abundant Renewable Energy. The days’ events are free of charge and will include tours of solar homes in the area, as well as scheduled workshops at Abundant Renewable Energy, 22700 NE Mountain Top Road, on energy topics. For more information, visit AbundantRE. com, or 503-538-8298. Statewide, Oregon Department of Energy, 3EStrategies and Energy Trust of Oregon, Inc. , are sponsoring Green & Solar Home tours in 14 Oregon communities. Oregon is joining with the American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour to showcase existing homes that demonstrate both creative design and energy efficiency. “Our primary reason for the tour is to educate the public about the advantages of wind and solar renewable energy systems for residential homes and small businesses, ” said Helen Hull, local organizer for the tour. “The Green and Solar Homes Tours are a really effective educational event because people get a chance to talk one-on-one with the homeowners and builders who have just gone through the process of building a green home, ” said Cylvia Hayes, executive director, 3EStrategies. “They also get to see the key green building and solar energy products actually installed and working in a real life setting. There’s no better way to figure out exactly what is right for your own home. “…
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Newberg area homeowners will be able to see two growing trends — green building, wind energy and solar energy — in action. A home tour featuring green building strategies and solar and wind energy systems will be held in Newberg this fall. The homes are filled with real life examples of how to transform an ordinary home into a “green” home. The Newberg Green & Solar Home Tour will take place on Saturday and Sunday, October 7-8, 2006. Local sponsor for the tour is Abundant Renewable Energy. The days’ events are free of charge and will include tours of solar homes in the area, as well as scheduled workshops at Abundant Renewable Energy, 22700 NE Mountain Top Road, on energy topics. For more information, visit AbundantRE. com, or 503-538-8298. Statewide, Oregon Department of Energy, 3EStrategies and Energy Trust of Oregon, Inc. , are sponsoring Green & Solar Home tours in 14 Oregon communities. Oregon is joining with the American Solar Energy Society’s National Solar Tour to showcase existing homes that demonstrate both creative design and energy efficiency. “Our primary reason for the tour is to educate the public about the advantages of wind and solar renewable energy systems for residential homes and small businesses, ” said Helen Hull, local organizer for the tour. “The Green and Solar Homes Tours are a really effective educational event because people get a chance to talk one-on-one with the homeowners and builders who have just gone through the process of building a green home, ” said Cylvia Hayes, executive director, 3EStrategies. “They also get to see the key green building and solar energy products actually installed and working in a real life setting. There’s no better way to figure out exactly what is right for your own home. “…
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Operation, Maintenance and Repair Auxiliary Generator
INTRODUCTION Purpose Scope References Explanation of abbreviations and terms
CHAPTER 2. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS Emergency power Types of power generation sources Buildings & enclosures Fuel storage Loads Distribution systems Frequency Grounding Load shedding Components
CHAPTER 3. PRIME MOVERS Mechanical energy Diesel engines Types of diesel engines Diesel fuel system Diesel cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control. Air intake system Exhaust system Service practices Operational trends and engine overhaul Gas turbine engines Gas turbine engine classifications Principles of operation Gas turbine fuel system Gas turbine cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control Compressor Gas turbine service practices
CHAPTER 4. GENERATORS AND EXCITERS Electrical energy Generator operation Types of generators AC generators . Alternator types Design Characteristics of generators. Exciters Characteristics of exciters Field flashing Bearings and lubrication Generator maintenance Insulation testing
CHAPTER 5. SWITCHGEAR Switchgear definition Types of switchgear Low voltage elements Medium voltage elements. Transfer switches Regulators Instrumentation Relays Miscellaneous devices
CHAPTER 6 OPERATING PROCEDURES Requirements Attended stations Unattended stations Nonparalleled stations Paralleled with the electric utility system Paralleled with other generating units Operational testing
CHAPTER 7. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Instructions Prime mover maintenance Generator and exciter maintenance Switchgear maintenance
CHAPTER 8. LUBRICATING OIL PURIFICATION Purification systems Forms of contamination Methods of purifying Oil maintenance procedures REFERENCES FUEL AND FUEL STORAGE LUBRICATING OIL COOLING SYSTEMS AND COOLANTS. SAFETY RECORDS DIESEL ENGINES: OPERATION, TIMING, AND TUNING INSTRUCTION….
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CHAPTER 2. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS Emergency power Types of power generation sources Buildings & enclosures Fuel storage Loads Distribution systems Frequency Grounding Load shedding Components
CHAPTER 3. PRIME MOVERS Mechanical energy Diesel engines Types of diesel engines Diesel fuel system Diesel cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control. Air intake system Exhaust system Service practices Operational trends and engine overhaul Gas turbine engines Gas turbine engine classifications Principles of operation Gas turbine fuel system Gas turbine cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control Compressor Gas turbine service practices
CHAPTER 4. GENERATORS AND EXCITERS Electrical energy Generator operation Types of generators AC generators . Alternator types Design Characteristics of generators. Exciters Characteristics of exciters Field flashing Bearings and lubrication Generator maintenance Insulation testing
CHAPTER 5. SWITCHGEAR Switchgear definition Types of switchgear Low voltage elements Medium voltage elements. Transfer switches Regulators Instrumentation Relays Miscellaneous devices
CHAPTER 6 OPERATING PROCEDURES Requirements Attended stations Unattended stations Nonparalleled stations Paralleled with the electric utility system Paralleled with other generating units Operational testing
CHAPTER 7. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Instructions Prime mover maintenance Generator and exciter maintenance Switchgear maintenance
CHAPTER 8. LUBRICATING OIL PURIFICATION Purification systems Forms of contamination Methods of purifying Oil maintenance procedures REFERENCES FUEL AND FUEL STORAGE LUBRICATING OIL COOLING SYSTEMS AND COOLANTS. SAFETY RECORDS DIESEL ENGINES: OPERATION, TIMING, AND TUNING INSTRUCTION….
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Standby Electric Generators for Emergency Farm Use
Standby Electric Generators for Emergency Farm Use Susan W. Gay, Extension Engineer, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech An emergency source of power is essential for any farm with mechanically ventilated production facilities, bulk milk-handling equipment, automated feeding systems, or facilities requiring constant and consistent heat or refrigeration. A standby power generator is an excellent investment to prevent costly losses during local power failures. This publication provides guidelines to …
Types of Generators Standby generators can be either engine- or tractor- driven. Engine-driven generators are often sold together with an engine as a single package or “genset.” The engine can be either manual or automatic start. Gasoline-, liquid-propane- (LP-) gas-, and diesel-fueled models are available. Engine-driven standby generators are often large, permanently-mounted, diesel units. The advantages of engine-driven generators include more efficient fuel use, longer periods of continuous operation, lower noise levels, and quicker start-up after power outages. The main disadvantage of engine-driven generators is the high initial cost. Tractor-driven generators are powered from the tractor’s power-take-off (PTO) shaft. The advantages of these generators include lower initial costs and less maintenance because an engine is eliminated. The disadvantages of tractor-driven generators include noisier operation and limited output capacity. These generators also take several minutes to start-up. Tractor-powered generators are often trailer-mounted for portability.
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Types of Generators Standby generators can be either engine- or tractor- driven. Engine-driven generators are often sold together with an engine as a single package or “genset.” The engine can be either manual or automatic start. Gasoline-, liquid-propane- (LP-) gas-, and diesel-fueled models are available. Engine-driven standby generators are often large, permanently-mounted, diesel units. The advantages of engine-driven generators include more efficient fuel use, longer periods of continuous operation, lower noise levels, and quicker start-up after power outages. The main disadvantage of engine-driven generators is the high initial cost. Tractor-driven generators are powered from the tractor’s power-take-off (PTO) shaft. The advantages of these generators include lower initial costs and less maintenance because an engine is eliminated. The disadvantages of tractor-driven generators include noisier operation and limited output capacity. These generators also take several minutes to start-up. Tractor-powered generators are often trailer-mounted for portability.
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Portable Electric Generators
FACTS YOU SHOULDKNOW ABOUT Portable Electric Generators A … facts you should know before you buy. What can a portable electric generato r do for you? Portable electric generators can be … FACTS YOU SHOULDKNOW ABOUT Portable Electric Generators A portable electric generator can be a valuable tool—bu t can also be extremely dangerous if not used correctly. If you are thinking about buying a portable generator for back-up electricity, here are some facts you should know before you buy. What can a portable electric generato r do for …
What can a portable electric generator do for you? Portable electric generators can be a good way to keep computers, lights, refrigerators and other appliances running if a power outage occurs. And if someone in your home depends on medical equipment, a portable generator can provide much needed power in an emergency. Safety require ments Connectinga generator to another power source could damage your appliances and seriously injure or kill you or an SDG&E®worker who maybe working on nearby power lines. If you run a generator during an outage, it cannot be connected to another power source, such as SDG&E’spowerlines. Under the law, you are responsible for making sure your generator’selectricity cannot feedback into SDG&E’spower lines. A copy of the law relating to the operation of generators is included on page 5 of this fact sheet. When using a portable generator, your life and the lives of others may depend on its safe operation. Follow these safety tips: •Readall manufacturer instructions. Make sure you understand them and are able to follow them before using the generator. •Carefully follow all instructions on properly “grounding”the generator. •Thetotalelectric load on your generator should never exceed the manufacturer’srating. •Good ventilation is important. Generators produce carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that can result in serious injuries, and sometimes even death, if levels become too high. For this reason, your generator should never be operated in your home, garage or other enclosed building. It should always be located outside in a dry location.
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What can a portable electric generator do for you? Portable electric generators can be a good way to keep computers, lights, refrigerators and other appliances running if a power outage occurs. And if someone in your home depends on medical equipment, a portable generator can provide much needed power in an emergency. Safety require ments Connectinga generator to another power source could damage your appliances and seriously injure or kill you or an SDG&E®worker who maybe working on nearby power lines. If you run a generator during an outage, it cannot be connected to another power source, such as SDG&E’spowerlines. Under the law, you are responsible for making sure your generator’selectricity cannot feedback into SDG&E’spower lines. A copy of the law relating to the operation of generators is included on page 5 of this fact sheet. When using a portable generator, your life and the lives of others may depend on its safe operation. Follow these safety tips: •Readall manufacturer instructions. Make sure you understand them and are able to follow them before using the generator. •Carefully follow all instructions on properly “grounding”the generator. •Thetotalelectric load on your generator should never exceed the manufacturer’srating. •Good ventilation is important. Generators produce carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that can result in serious injuries, and sometimes even death, if levels become too high. For this reason, your generator should never be operated in your home, garage or other enclosed building. It should always be located outside in a dry location.
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Portable Generators For Residential Use Facts & Safety Requirements
If you are thinking about buying a portable generator for back-up electricity, here are some facts you should know before you buy. … by permanent or portable electric generators from … A portable electric generator can be a valuable tool—but can also be extremely dangerous if not used correctly. If you are thinking about buying a portable generator for back-up electricity, here are some facts you should know before you buy. Safety notes Connecting a generator to another power source could damage your appliances and seriously …
How do you select a generator? Portable generators come in many sizes. Following these steps will help you select the right size for your needs. 1. Determine the “constant wattage. ” The energy you will need on a constant basis to keep the appliances and lighting powered by the generator during an emergency. This is your “constant wattage. ” For help determining wattage information, see the “Calculating Energy Usage” information below. 2. Determine the “start-up wattage. ” Knowing the “constant wattage” alone of your appliances is not good enough. Appliances with motors, such as refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners, can require two to three times their normal wattage when the motor starts up. The generator you pick must have a surge rating that meets or exceeds your added “start-up wattage” needs. To determine your “start-up wattage, ” identify the appliances with motors that you will run with your generator. Double the “constant wattage” of these items, then add up the totals. If in doubt, contact the manufacturer of your generator for guidance. Match voltage ratings. Most appliances are rated at 120-volts, but some larger electric appliances, such as ovens, clothes dryers and well pumps, are rated at 240-volts. Portable generators may be rated at 120-volts only, or a combination of 120- and 240-volts. Make sure the generator you choose matches the voltage ratings of the items you want to run. 3. Ensure your generator is rated to provide power at a frequency of 60 hertz.
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How do you select a generator? Portable generators come in many sizes. Following these steps will help you select the right size for your needs. 1. Determine the “constant wattage. ” The energy you will need on a constant basis to keep the appliances and lighting powered by the generator during an emergency. This is your “constant wattage. ” For help determining wattage information, see the “Calculating Energy Usage” information below. 2. Determine the “start-up wattage. ” Knowing the “constant wattage” alone of your appliances is not good enough. Appliances with motors, such as refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners, can require two to three times their normal wattage when the motor starts up. The generator you pick must have a surge rating that meets or exceeds your added “start-up wattage” needs. To determine your “start-up wattage, ” identify the appliances with motors that you will run with your generator. Double the “constant wattage” of these items, then add up the totals. If in doubt, contact the manufacturer of your generator for guidance. Match voltage ratings. Most appliances are rated at 120-volts, but some larger electric appliances, such as ovens, clothes dryers and well pumps, are rated at 240-volts. Portable generators may be rated at 120-volts only, or a combination of 120- and 240-volts. Make sure the generator you choose matches the voltage ratings of the items you want to run. 3. Ensure your generator is rated to provide power at a frequency of 60 hertz.
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